Recently the internet and news world had a storm of debates and criticisms following a Guardian article that Saudi Arab's Grand Mufti labelled chess as forbidden in Islam. Naturally being a chess player and promoter of the game as well as being a Sunni Muslim - it was of utmost importance to me to dig a little bit into it.
Some of my friends first pointed to me it in the Facebook and I immediately saw people's shock at such news. But I couldn't remember any Quranic verse (the holy scripture for Muslims) or any Hadith (guidelines from Prophet Muhammad PBUH) related to any board game. So I understood it as an Ijtihad of Saudi Mufti's own. Islam is not like Christianity where what the Pope says is the rules. Any such Ijtihad or Fiqh issue, we as Muslims, are open to interpret our own way with the guidance of Quran and Sunnah. So I was happy enough that it doesn't matter what the Saudi Mufti decreed 2 years back in a question answer session in a TV channel. Let's just move on.
But then one of my friends pointed me to authentic Sahi Muslim Hadith that clearly forbids playing with dice. Yes, dice is not chess - but please keep reading the Hadith and the explanations I gave later.
Muslim (2260) narrated
that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
“Whoever plays dice is like one who has dipped his hand in the flesh and
blood of a pig.” Al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: “This
hadeeth is quoted as evidence by al-Shaafa’i and the majority of scholars to
prove that playing dice is haraam. The phrase ‘dipped his hand in the flesh
and blood of a pig’ refers to eating it, and this simile is used to show
that this is haraam because it is haraam to eat that.”
Abu Dawood (4938)
narrated from Abu Moosa al-Ash’ari that the Messenger of Allaah (peace
and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever plays dice has disobeyed
Allaah and His Messenger.” (Classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi
Dawood, 4129)
সুলাইমান
ইবনে বুরায়দাহ (রা) থেকে বর্ণিতঃ "তিনি বলেনঃ নবী করীম (সা) বলেছেনঃ যে
ব্যক্তি শতরঞ্চ বা দাবা খেলে, সে যেন তার হাতকে শূকরের গোশত ও রক্তের মধ্যে
প্রবেশ করায় । -সহীহ মুসলিম শরীফ , ৫ম খন্ড , ৪২ তম পর্ব , ১ম অধ্যায় ,
হাদীস নং- ১০/২২৬০
আবু মুসা আল আশারি (রাঃ) হতে বর্ণিত রাসুল (সাঃ) বলেন,“ যে ব্যাক্তি দাবা ( সতরঞ্জি) খেললো সে আল্লাহ্ ও তার রাসূলের নাফরমানী করলো। - সুনানে আবু দাউদ , অধ্যায় নং- ৪৩ , অনুচ্ছেদ নং- ৬৪ , হাদীস নং- ৪৯৩৮ / মুয়াত্তা মালিক , হাদীস নং- ১৭৮৬ (মূল আরবী নম্বর) / সুনানে ইবনু মাজাহ , হাদীস নং- ৩৭৬২
আবু মুসা আল আশারি (রাঃ) হতে বর্ণিত রাসুল (সাঃ) বলেন,“ যে ব্যাক্তি দাবা ( সতরঞ্জি) খেললো সে আল্লাহ্ ও তার রাসূলের নাফরমানী করলো। - সুনানে আবু দাউদ , অধ্যায় নং- ৪৩ , অনুচ্ছেদ নং- ৬৪ , হাদীস নং- ৪৯৩৮ / মুয়াত্তা মালিক , হাদীস নং- ১৭৮৬ (মূল আরবী নম্বর) / সুনানে ইবনু মাজাহ , হাদীস নং- ৩৭৬২
So clearly our Prophet Muhmmad (pbuh) forbade something about a game and told his companions to avoid that. As per the Science of Hadith - that saying being narrated by different people, will be different unique Hadith. Because a Hadith is a combination of the content (or the message) and the chain or narrators (Isnad). So if the same saying is narrated by 3 different companions of Prophet (pbuh) - that saying is actually 3 different Hadith.
If you notice the wordings of the above Hadith, the translators of the Hadith have already differed on what is actually forbidden - Dice, Backgammon or Chess. In the Bengali translation they went one step ahead and mentioned both Shatranj and Chess in an OR condition, making sure both are considered as forbidden. Which one you think is actually forbidden? Well it can not be chess and its most probably about any (or a particular) board game that is played with dice. Why do I think so? Because Chess, as we know was not even invented at 6th or 7th century at the time of Prophet Muhmmad (pbuh).
First Chaturanga was invented in India sometime in 6th Century (I read an article that claims it to be to be 570 AD in which case it coincides with the birth year of Prophet PBUH). Muslims scholars took it to Arabia, then Persia where it got the name Shatranj in 7th Century. We can assume Chaturanga and Shatranj are practically the same game although there must have been minor differences in rules. Because in scholarly works and in wikipedia these 2 games are always mentioned side by side but separately indicating which tells me that Shatranj itself evolved a bit from Chaturanga. From Chaturanga a game that is played with dice named Chaturaji (picture given below) might have evolved as we see evidence of this game in a writing at 1030 AD. This was a 4 player chess like game that was also played with dice. Chess as we know today has evolved lot of centuries later from Chaturanga or Shatranj. The pieces took on their current powers in Spain in the late 15th
century; the rules were finally standardized in the 19th century. So anyone who says he played chess before 15th Century - they are talking about a different game, not chess. Also from Shatranj evolved several other games pnotably Xiangqi (i.e Chinese Chess) and Shogi (i.e. Japanese Chess), Janggi (i.e. Korean Chess) and Makruk (i.e. Thai Chess.
So, the next question will be, was it Dice or Chaturanga/Shatranj that were forbidden? Clearly dice is forbidden as introduces the luck factor which is similar to gambling that also has the luck factor involved. But chess has no luck factor - its a game of skill and character. For the sake of argument, let's assume Shatranj was played in Arabia during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), which is very less likely as I believe it started getting known after he passed away. Even in that case, it must be that the game was played with gambling, not the way, we play chess today. Here are some
Hadhrat Ali 
also said:
“Chess is gambling of the Ajam people (non Arabs)”
also said:
“Chess is gambling of the Ajam people (non Arabs)”
Imam Malik RA said that it is worse than
the game of nard (backgammon, which is also haram) and more destructive
than gambling.
Naturally chess players all around the world agreed that playing chess is not forbidden in Islam. Here are couple of articles that I liked -
As
it happens with most translators, they pick the word that they are more
familiar with. I dont know the exact word used in the arabic, but after
looking online, I see it has been almost everywhere pointed out as DICE
(not chess). For this to be a hadith, the game of chess had to be there
at the time of 6th/7th century. However, chess as we play today, has
only been shaped at 15th century and finalized to detail at 19th
century. Of course there was Shatranj and Chaturanga (and one of the
versions used 2 dices to determine the moves - similar to backgammon,
monopoly etc). So in some translations, backgammon also have been used.
But the correct wording is DICE which introduces a chance or luck
factor to a game - and hence in most cases forbidden in Islam (even there
are cases where certain DICE games get exception from this hadith - but
this is a fiqh issue and people may or may not agree on that). So the
correct translation is below which, as a chess player and a muslim, I
have no problem agreeing to -
Muslim (2260) narrated that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever plays dice is like one who has dipped his hand in the flesh and blood of a pig.” Al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: “This hadeeth is quoted as evidence by al-Shaafa’i and the majority of scholars to prove that playing dice is haraam. The phrase ‘dipped his hand in the flesh and blood of a pig’ refers to eating it, and this simile is used to show that this is haraam because it is haraam to eat that.”
However, many muslim scholars agreement (to be clear, not haadith or quran verses) is that chess is haraam (and some scholars think it permissible and some scholars think it is discouraged) -
1. "Chess can be played with gambling." - My position is that, any game or activity in the world, can be played with gambling. Hence gambling is haraam, but not the game. Chess is a game where people mostly play without gambling.
2. "Chess is a waste of time and may delay you from prayers and other responsibilities" - well, that's true for any other games and activities. Hence nothing specific to chess.
3. "Chess introduces enmity between the players" - again, that's true for most of the games. So as long as you dont feel enmity against oyur opponent, you are okay playing chess.
Muslim (2260) narrated that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever plays dice is like one who has dipped his hand in the flesh and blood of a pig.” Al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: “This hadeeth is quoted as evidence by al-Shaafa’i and the majority of scholars to prove that playing dice is haraam. The phrase ‘dipped his hand in the flesh and blood of a pig’ refers to eating it, and this simile is used to show that this is haraam because it is haraam to eat that.”
However, many muslim scholars agreement (to be clear, not haadith or quran verses) is that chess is haraam (and some scholars think it permissible and some scholars think it is discouraged) -
1. "Chess can be played with gambling." - My position is that, any game or activity in the world, can be played with gambling. Hence gambling is haraam, but not the game. Chess is a game where people mostly play without gambling.
2. "Chess is a waste of time and may delay you from prayers and other responsibilities" - well, that's true for any other games and activities. Hence nothing specific to chess.
3. "Chess introduces enmity between the players" - again, that's true for most of the games. So as long as you dont feel enmity against oyur opponent, you are okay playing chess.
4. One of the chess pieces, the knight, has the image/structure of a horse. That in itself has been subject to questions on whether Muslims can use these pieces to play with. Again I believe its a fiqh issue - not a clear cut yes/no.
So I understand based on the above lights that playing chess is halal in Islam - neither forbidden nor rewarded, as long as we play it within decent manner.
